Aging-related predictive factors for oxygenation improvement and mortality in COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients exposed to prone position: A multicenter cohort study

Abstract Background: Elderly patients are more susceptible to Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) and are more likely to develop it in severe forms, (e.g., Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [ARDS]). Prone positioning is a treatment strategy for severe ARDS; however, its response in the elderly population remains poorly understood. The main objective was to evaluate the predictive response and mortality of elderly patients exposed to prone positioning due to ARDS-COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective multicenter cohort study involved 223 patients aged ≥ 65 years, who received prone position sessions for severe ARDS due to COVID-19, using invasive mechanical ventilation. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was used to assess the oxygenation response. The 20-point improvement in PaO2/FiO2 after the first prone session was considered for good response. Data were collected from electronic medical records, including demographic data, laboratory/image exams, complications, comorbidities, SAPS III and SOFA scores, use of anticoagulants and vasopressors, ventilator settings, and respiratory system mechanics. Mortality was defined as deaths that occurred until hospital discharge. Results: Most patients were male, with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus as the most prevalent comorbidities. The non-responders group had higher SAPS III and SOFA scores, and a higher incidence of complications. There was no difference in mortality rate. A lower SAPS III score was a predictor of oxygenation response, and the male sex was a risk predictor of mortality. Conclusion: The present study suggests the oxygenation response to prone positioning in elderly patients with severe COVID-19-ARDS correlates with the SAPS III score. Furthermore, the male sex is a risk predictor of mortality.

Caracterización demográfica y clínica de pacientes críticos con neumonía por influenza A H1N1 / Demographic and clinical characterization of critically ill patients with influenza A H1N1 pneumonia

INTRODUCCIÓN. La epidemia de influenza y sus complicaciones profundizaron el estudio de las neumonías virales en cuidados intensivos. En nuestro país hay pocos datos sobre este tema. OBJETIVOS. Realizar una caracterización demográfica y clínica de pacientes críticos con neumonía por Influenza A H1N1 en un hospital de tercer nivel de complejidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, con análisis univariante y multivariante. Población de 293 y muestra de 44 datos de historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes diagnosticados con A H1N1 ingresados a la Unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período enero 2016 a diciembre de 2018. Como criterios de inclusión se consideró a todos los pacientes adultos mayores de 18 años que ingresaron a la UCI, con el diagnóstico de neumonía comunitaria grave con confirmación por reacción de cadena de polimerasa en tiempo real para influenza A H1N1 en hisopado nasal o aspirado traqueal. Se excluyó a pacientes embarazadas con diagnóstico de influenza A H1N1, pacientes con más de 48 horas de ingreso hospitalario previo a su ingreso a UCI, pacientes con datos insuficientes en los registros. Los datos se obtuvieron del sistema AS-400. El análisis estadístico se realizó en el programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versión 22. El nivel de significación fue una p<0.05. RESULTADOS. La prevalencia en pacientes críticos de neumonía por influenza A H1N1 durante 2016-2018 fue de 16,72%, la mediana de edad fue de 55 años, 25% masculinos, 34% obesos, 34% con hipertensión arterial. Escala "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II" 23,50, "Simplified Acute Physiologic Score III" 54, "Sepsis related Organ Failure Assessment" 11,50, Lactato deshidrogenasa 99,50, Procalcitonina 0,99; 9 días de ventilación mecánica invasiva, 10,50 días de estancia en la unidad. El 91% presentó shock séptico, 59% lesión renal aguda. El 89% tuvo Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adultos, 69% fue grave, 87% usó ventilación mecánica, 38,50% corticoides, 36% posición prona, Presión parcial de oxígeno/Fracción inspirada de oxígeno 74, volumen tidal/kilogramo de 7 mililitros, presión plateau de 27,50 centímetros de agua. La mortalidad general en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos fue de 38,63% y a los 28 días de 63,60%, en shock séptico fue 42,50% y en Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adultos del 41,02%. El análisis de regresión logística multivariable identificó como factores independientes asociados a mortalidad el incremento de Lactato deshidrogenasa (OR 2,69, 9% IC 1,090-6,642) y Procalcitonina (OR 2,51, IC 1,005-6,272). CONCLUSIONES. Las características, frecuencia y mortalidad de este grupo de pacientes críticos con neumonía por influenza A H1N1 son similares a lo reportado en la literatura mundial.

INTRODUCTION. The influenza epidemic and its complications deepened the study of viral pneumonias in intensive care. In our country there is little data on this subject. OBJECTIVES. To perform a demographic and clinical characterization of critical patients with pneumonia due to pneumonia due to Influenza A H1N1 in a third level hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, analytical, retrospective study, with univariate and multivariate analysis. We compared the groups of dead patients and survivors. The significance level was p<0,05. RESULTS. The prevalence in critically ill patients of influenza A H1N1 pneumonia during 2016-2018 was 16,72%, 44 cases were collected, median age 55 years, 25% male, 34% obese, 34% with arterial hypertension. APACHE II 23,50, SAPS III 54, SOFA 11,50, LDH 99,50, PCT 0,99, 9 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, 10,50 days of unit stay. 91% presented septic shock, 59% with acute kidney injury 89% had ARDS, 69% were severe, 87% used mechanical ventilation, 38,50% corticosteroids, 36% prone position, PaO2/FiO2 74, tidal volume/kg of 7 ml, plateau pressure of 27,50 cmH2O. Overall mortality in the ICU was 38,63% and at 28 days was 63,60%, in septic shock it was 42,50% and in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome it was 42,50%. was 42,50% and 41,02% in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The ultivariate logistic regression analysis identified as independent factors associated with mortality, the increase in LDH (OR 2,69, 9% CI 1,090-6,642) and PCT (OR 2,51, CI 1,005-6,272). CONCLUSIONS. The characteristics, frequency and mortality of this group of critical patients with pneumonia due to influenza A H1N1 are similar to those reported in the world literature.

Comparación de las características clínicas de la primera y segunda ola por COVID-19 en un hospital público de Perú / Comparison of the clinical characteristics of the first and second waves of COVID-19 in a public hospital in Peru

Durante la pandemia del COVID-19, los médicos se enfrentaron a una admisión masiva sin precedentes de pacientes con neumonía atípica viral. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las características clínicas de la primera y segunda ola de la pandemia. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de los pacientes con neumonía COVID-19 que ingresaron al Hospital Carrión de Huancayo, Perú ubicado a más de 3000 msnm. Se determinaron 2 periodos de estudio, el grupo uno representado por la primera ola caracterizado por la restricción masiva y cuarentena estricta y la segunda ola donde las actividades productivas ya se habían normalizado en gran proporción. De un total de 252 pacientes con COVID-19, la edad promedio fue 56 años en la primera ola y 52 años en la segunda ola, el sexo masculino fue más frecuente en ambos 74% y 57%, la mortalidad fue 27% y 23%, el tiempo de enfermedad fue 8 días y 10 días, respectivamente. Por otro lado, el porcentaje del uso de antibióticos, ivermectina e hidroxicloroquina fue más elevado en la primera ola. El uso de corticoides y la estancia hospitalaria prolongada fueron más frecuente en la segunda ola. La comparación de ambas olas muestra diferencias en la edad, mortalidad y tiempo de enfermedad, que puede deberse a las nuevas variantes moleculares del SARS-COV-2(AU)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, doctors faced an unprecedented mass admission of patients with viral atypical pneumonia. The objective of the study was to compare the clinical characteristics of the first and second waves of the pandemic. An analytical observational study was carried out on patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who were admitted to Hospital Carrión de Huancayo, Peru located at more than 3000 meters above sea level. Two study periods were determined, group one represented by the first wave characterized by massive restriction and strict quarantine and the second wave where productive activities had already normalized to a great extent. Of a total of 252 patients with COVID-19, the average age was 56 years in the first wave and 52 years in the second wave, the male sex was more frequent in both 74% and 57%, mortality was 27% and 23 %, the time of illness was 8 days and 10 days, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of use of antibiotics, ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine was higher in the first wave. The use of corticosteroids and prolonged hospital stay was more frequent in the second wave. Comparison of both waves shows differences in age, mortality and time of illness, which may be due to the new molecular variants of SARS-COV-2(AU)

Infección por COVID-19 previo al inicio de la epidemia en Colombia / COVID-19 infection prior to the beginning of the epidemic in Colombia

Resumen La identificación del nuevo Coronavirus tipo 2 en marzo de 2020 en Colombia ha generado paradigmas e incógnitas en la epidemiología nacional con respecto a la llegada aproximada del virus y sus mecanismos de diseminación local en los departamentos y ciudades principales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con COVID-19 que tuvo su inicio de síntomas dos semanas antes de la declaración del primer caso en Colombia, lo que sugiere circulación del virus y transmisión local en Colombia previo a la declaración de la epidemia.

Abstract The identification of Coronavirus type 2 in March 2020 in Colombia has generated paradigms and unknows in the national epidemiology regarding the approxi mate arrival of the virus and its mechanisms of local dissemination in the main departments and cities. We present the case of a patient with COVID-19 that had its onset of symptoms two weeks before the declaration of the first case in Colombia, wich moves the circulation of the virus and local transmission in Colombia prior the declaration of the epidemic.

Posição prona: efetividade da intervenção educativa no processo assistencial intensivo / Prone position: effectiveness of educational intervention in the intensive care process / Posición prona: efectividad de la intervención educativa en el proceso de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da intervenção educativa no processo assistencial intensivo, no nível de conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem acerca do posicionamento prono em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo do tipo quase experimental, com amostragem de 62 profissionais de setor intensivo. Coletaram-se dados relativos à variável conhecimento dos profissionais durante fase pré e pós-intervenção educativa, durante uma semana, através da aplicação de formulários de múltipla escolha. Para análise dos dados e avaliação da efetividade de intervenção educativa utilizou-se estatística descritiva e testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnova e Shapiro Wilk para prova de normalidade e o teste T de student para comparação das médias obtidas. Resultados: nas fases de pré e pós-intervenção educativa, observou-se que a média de acertos pré-intervenção foi de 6,12 (dp= 2,15), t(61)=11,31 e p=0,000, enquanto na fase pós-intervenção 9,43 (dp= 0,76), t(61)=11,31 e p=0,000. Conclusão: constatou-se efetividade da intervenção educativa no processo assistencial intensivo a cerca do conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre o posicionamento prono, visto significativo aumento do escore de acertos obtidos na fase de pós-intervenção. Sendo assim, a educação continuada em setores intensivos, torna-se essencial para fins de aperfeiçoamento dos profissionais. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of educational intervention in the intensive care process, at the level of knowledge of the nursing team about the prone position in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental quantitative study, with a sample of 62 professionals from the intensive sector. Data was collected on the variable knowledge of professionals during the pre- and post-educational intervention phase, for a week, through the application of multiple choice forms. For data analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of educational intervention, descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnova and Shapiro Wilk tests were used to prove normality and the Student T test to compare the averages obtained. Results: When comparing the averages obtained in the pre and post educational intervention phases, it was observed that the average of correct answers before intervention was 6.12, while in the post intervention 9.43. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the educational intervention in the intensive care process was found to be about the knowledge of nursing professionals about the prone position, considering a significant increase in the score of correct answers obtained in the post intervention phase. Thus, continuing education in intensive sectors, becomes essential for the purposes of professional development. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la intervención educativa en el proceso de cuidados intensivos, a nivel de conocimiento del equipo de enfermería sobre la posición prona en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental, con una muestra de 62 profesionales del sector intensivo. Se recogieron datos sobre la variable conocimiento de los profesionales durante la fase de intervención pre y poseducativa, durante una semana, mediante la aplicación de formularios de opción múltiple. Para el análisis de datos y evaluación de la efectividad de la intervención educativa se utilizó estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnova y Shapiro Wilk para comprobar la normalidad y la prueba T de Student para comparar los promedios obtenidos. Resultados: Al comparar los promedios obtenidos en las fases de intervención pre y poseducativa, se observó que el promedio de aciertos antes de la intervención fue de 6,12, mientras que en la intervención pos fue de 9,43. Conclusión: Se encontró que la efectividad de la intervención educativa en el proceso de cuidados intensivos se basa en el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la posición prona, considerando un aumento significativo en la puntuación de aciertos obtenidos en la fase posintervención. Así, la formación continua en sectores intensivos, se vuelve fundamental para los fines del desarrollo profesional. (AU)

Presentaciones inesperadas de enfermedades endémicas: síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en un paciente con dengue / Unexpected presentations of endemic conditions: acute respiratory distress syndrome in a dengue patient

El dengue es la infección trasmitida por vectores con mayor impacto en carga de enfermedad, económica y social a nivel mundial, con más de 3,6 billones de personas en riesgo de infección. Sus manifestaciones son variables, caracterizadas en su mayoría por síndrome febril con riesgo de sangrado, choque y muerte. El compromiso pulmonar es infrecuente, siendo el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda una complicación inesperada, aunque informada, asociada a un mal pronóstico. Se presenta un paciente sin antecedentes relevantes de importancia, con focalización pulmonar severa asociado a infección por el virus dengue. En el caso presentado se descartaron procesos infecciosos bacterianos u otros agentes causales de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, lo que sumado a las características clínicas de ingreso, zona de ocurrencia del caso considerada como endémica, curso clínico, paraclínico y la franca positividad de las pruebas para dengue así como la seroconversión de estas, a pesar de no haber sido realizadas pruebas moleculares, se consideró como el agente causal más probable el virus dengue. Todo esto lleva a recomendar siempre considerarlo como potencial agente causal, lo que permite así un diagnóstico y manejo óptimos(AU)

Dengue is the vector-borne infection with the greatest impact on disease, economic and social burden worldwide, with more than 3.6 billion people under risk of contagion. Its manifestations are varied, most of them characterized by febrile syndrome with a risk of bleeding, shock and death. Pulmonary involvement is infrequent, and acute respiratory distress syndrome is an unexpected complication, though it has been reported in association to a bad prognosis. A case is presented of a male patient without relevant antecedents of interest, with severe pulmonary focalization associated to dengue virus infection. Bacterial infectious processes and other causative agents of acute respiratory distress syndrome were ruled out. In view of the patient's clinical status at admission, the endemicity of the patient's area of residence, the clinical and paraclinical course, and the obvious positivity of the dengue tests performed and their seroconversion, despite not having conducted molecular tests, it was concluded that the most probable causative agent was dengue virus. Therefore, it is recommended that dengue infection always be considered as a potential causative agent of acute respiratory distress syndrome, thus contributing to optimal diagnosis and management(AU)

Lesión pulmonar aguda extrema producida por transfusión en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardíaca: Presentación de un caso / Extreme Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury in the Perioperative Period of Cardiac Surgery: Case Report

RESUMEN La lesión pulmonar aguda producida por transfusión (TRALI, por sus siglas en inglés) es un síndrome clínico relativamente raro, que puede constituir una amenaza para la vida y que se caracteriza por insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, edema pulmonar no cardiogénico e hipotensión arterial durante o en el transcurso de 6 horas después de una transfusión de productos hemáticos. Aunque su verdadera incidencia es desconocida, se le ha atribuido 1 caso por cada 5000 transfusiones de cualquier producto hemático y ha sido una de las causas más frecuentes de muerte relacionada con la transfusión. Se presenta un caso de TRALI en el perioperatorio de una cirugía cardíaca con manifestaciones clínicas extremas, cuyo abordaje terapéutico fue extremadamente difícil para el equipo médico-quirúrgico, debido al contexto clínico en el que se presentó: cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea por diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa, lesión pulmonar previa y antecedente de otro tipo de reacción postransfusional.

ABSTRACT Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) is a relatively unusual, life-threatening clinical syndrome, characterized by acute respiratory failure, hypotension, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema during or within 6 hours after a blood product transfusion. Although its true incidence is unknown, it has been attributed one case per 5.000 transfusions of any blood product and has been one of the most frequent causes of transfusion-related death. We present a case of TRALI in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery with extreme clinical manifestations, whose therapeutic approach was extremely difficult for the medical-surgical team, due to its complex clinical setting: cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass due to diagnosis of infective endocarditis, previous lung injury and history of other post-transfusion reaction.

Prone positioning as an emerging tool in the care provided to patients infected with COVID-19: a scoping review / Posição prona como ferramenta emergente na assistência ao paciente acometido por COVID-19: scoping review / Posición prona como herramienta emergente en la atención al paciente acometido por COVID-19: revisión de escopo

Objective: to describe scientific evidence regarding the use of prone positioning in the care provided to patients with acute respiratory failure caused by COVID-19. Method: this is a scoping review. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews was used to support the writing of this study. The search was conducted in seven databases and resulted in 2,441 studies, 12 of which compose the sample. Descriptive statistics, such as relative and absolute frequencies, was used to analyze data. Results: prone positioning was mainly adopted in Intensive Care Units, lasted from a minimum of 12 up to 16 hours, and its prescription was based on specific criteria, such as PaO2/FiO2 ratio, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate. The most prevalent complications were: accidental extubation, pressure ulcer, and facial edema. Decreased hypoxemia and mortality rates were the main outcomes reported. Conclusion: positive outcomes outweighed complications. Various cycles of prone positioning are needed, which may cause potential work overload for the health staff. Therefore, an appropriate number of trained workers is necessary, in addition to specific institutional protocols to ensure patient safety in this context.

Objetivo: descrever as evidências científicas acerca da utilização da posição prona na assistência ao paciente com insuficiência respiratória aguda provocada por COVID-19. Método: trata-se de uma scoping review. O instrumento PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews foi utilizado para a redação do estudo. As buscas foram realizadas em sete bases de dados, resultando em 2.441 estudos dos quais 12 compõem a amostra. Uma análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada empregando frequências relativas e absolutas. Resultados: a utilização da posição prona ocorreu principalmente em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, com duração mínima de 12 a 16 horas, e teve como fundamentos de indicação critérios específicos, tais como a relação PaO2/FiO2, a saturação de oxigênio e a frequência respiratória. As complicações mais prevalentes da sua utilização foram: extubação acidental, lesão por pressão e edema facial. Identificou-se a redução da hipoxemia e da mortalidade como principais desfechos evidenciados na amostra. Conclusão: os desfechos positivos sobressaíram-se face às complicações. São necessários vários ciclos de pronação do paciente, fator causador de possível sobrecarga de trabalho da equipe de saúde. Portanto, são importantes um adequado dimensionamento dos profissionais, uma equipe treinada e protocolos institucionais específicos a fim de se garantir a segurança do paciente nesse contexto.

Objetivo: describir las evidencias científicas acerca de la utilización de la posición prona en la atención al paciente con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda provocada por COVID-19. Método: se trata de una revisión de escopo. El instrumento PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews fue utilizado para la redacción del estudio. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas en siete bases de datos, resultando en 2.441 estudios de los cuales 12 integran la muestra. Un análisis descriptivo de los datos fue desarrollado empleando frecuencias relativas y absolutas. Resultados: la utilización de la posición prona ocurrió principalmente en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, con duración mínima de 12 a 16 horas, y tuvo como fundamentos de indicación criterios específicos, tales como la relación PaO2/FiO2, la saturación de oxígeno y la frecuencia respiratoria. Las complicaciones más frecuentes de su uso fueron: desintubación accidental, lesión por presión y edema facial. Se identificó la reducción de la hipoxemia y de la mortalidad como principales resultados evidenciados en la muestra. Conclusión: los resultados positivos se destacaran ante las complicaciones. Son necesarios varios ciclos de pronación del paciente, factor causante de una posible sobrecarga de trabajo del equipo de salud. Por lo tanto, son importantes un adecuado dimensionamiento de los profesionales, un equipo capacitado y protocolos institucionales específicos a fin de garantizar la seguridad del paciente en ese contexto.

Use of the prone position in pregnant women with COVID-19 or other health conditions / Uso de la posición prona en gestantes con COVID-19 u otras condiciones de salud / Utilização da posição prona em gestantes com COVID-19 ou outras condições de saúde

Objective: to analyze, in the scientific literature, the knowledge available on the use of the prone position in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 or other health conditions. Method: an integrative literature review developed through the following guiding question: What is the scientific knowledge available on the use of the prone position in pregnant women with COVID-19 or other health conditions? The search for studies was carried out in eight databases. Results: using the prone position in pregnant women with Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome allowed for improvements in lung compliance and oxygenation. It also allowed reducing uterine compression on the maternal large vessels, and a reduction in blood pressure was observed in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia. The prone position was also safe in the surgical management of pregnant patients. In addition, the following conditions stood out as disadvantages related to the prone position in pregnant women: possibility of aortocaval compression, causing severe hypotension, and inability to easily monitor fetal status or to perform emergency Cesarean sections. Conclusion: the prone position was considered safe, reliable and comfortable for its use in the clinical management of pregnant women, where specific care measures must be taken to avoid compression of gravid abdomen, as well as fetal monitoring is important to detect placental circulation impairment.

Objetivo: analizar, en la literatura científica, el conocimiento disponible sobre el uso de la posición prona en gestantes diagnosticadas con COVID-19 u otras condiciones de salud. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura desarrollada a través de la siguiente pregunta orientadora: ¿Qué conocimiento científico está disponible sobre la aplicación de la posición prona en gestantes con COVID-19 u otras condiciones de salud? La búsqueda de estudios se realizó en ocho bases de datos. Resultados: colocar a las gestantes con Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria Aguda en posición prona permitió mejorar la distensibilidad pulmonar y la oxigenación. También permitió una reducción de la compresión uterina de los grandes vasos maternos y se observó una reducción de la presión arterial en gestantes con preeclampsia. La posición prona también demostró ser segura en el manejo quirúrgico de pacientes embarazadas. Además, se destacaron desventajas relacionadas con la posición prona en la gestante: posibilidad de que ocurra una compresión aortocava, que provoque hipotensión severa, y la imposibilidad de monitorear fácilmente el estado fetal o realizar una cesárea de emergencia. Conclusión: la aplicación de la posición prona para el manejo clínico de la gestante se consideró segura, confiable y cómoda, se deben implementar cuidados específicos para evitar la compresión del vientre materno y monitorear al feto para detectar si la circulación placentaria está comprometida.

Objetivo: analisar, na literatura científica, o conhecimento disponível sobre a utilização da posição prona em gestantes diagnosticadas com COVID-19 ou outras condições de saúde. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura desenvolvida mediante a seguinte questão norteadora: Qual o conhecimento científico disponível sobre a aplicação da posição prona em gestantes com COVID-19 ou outras condições de saúde? A busca de estudos foi realizada em oito bases de dados. Resultados: a aplicação da posição prona em gestantes com Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo permitiu a melhora na complacência pulmonar e na oxigenação. Também possibilitou redução da compressão uterina sobre grandes vasos maternos e foi observada redução da pressão arterial em gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia. A posição prona também se mostrou segura no manejo cirúrgico de pacientes grávidas. Ademais, destacaram-se como desvantagens relacionadas à posição prona em gestantes: a possibilidade de ocorrência de compressão aortocaval, causando hipotensão grave, e a incapacidade de monitorar facilmente o estado fetal ou realizar cesariana de emergência. Conclusão: a posição prona foi considerada segura, confiável e confortável para aplicação no manejo clínico de gestantes, na qual cuidados específicos devem ser tomados para evitar compressão do abdome gravídico, assim como é relevante a monitorização fetal para detectar comprometimento de circulação placentária.

Experience with veno-venous ecmo in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to viral pneumonia. Case series / Experiencia con ecmo veno-venoso en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto secundario a neumonía viral. Serie de casos

Abstract Introduction The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased exponentially in recent years and has shown to be effective in treating adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to HiNi-related pneumonia. However, evidence remains controversial. This study describes a case series of ECMO in ARDS secondary to viral pneumonia. Methods A search was conducted in the ECMO database of Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia for the 20132017 period. A case series report was written of patients diagnosed with ARDS secondary to confirmed or suspected viral pneumonia. Results Nineteen patients with ECMO support and ARDS due to viral pneumonia were included in the study. The survival rate upon discharge was 11 patients (58%) and weaning from ECMO support was successful in 13 patients (68%). Hemorrhagic complications were the most frequent: gastrointestinal bleeding, 10 patients (53%); intracranial bleeding, 2 (10%); alveolar hemorrhage, 2 (10%);' hemothorax requiring thoracostomy with chest tube drainage, 2 (10%); cannulation site bleeding, 9 patients (47%); and surgical site bleeding in 3 patients (25%) who required tracheostomy. Other complications were: pneumothorax, 1 patient (5%); sepsis, 6 patients (32%); and growth of microorganisms in bronchial lavage, 6 patients (32%). Conclusions This study supports the use of veno-venous ECMO to achieve a higher survival rate than expected in patients with severe ARDS and refractory hypoxemia secondary to viral pneumonia. Early initiation of the therapy should improve overall results.

Resumen Introducción El uso de la oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) ha tenido un incremento exponencial en los últimos años y ha demostrado ser efectivo en el manejo del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto (SDRA) secundario a neumonía por H1N1, si bien la evidencia sigue siendo controvertida. En este estudio describimos una serie de casos de ECMO por SDRA secundario a neumonía viral. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos de ECMO de la Fundación Cardiovascular desde el año 20132017. Reportamos una serie de casos donde se incluyeron pacientes diagnosticados con SDRA secundario a neumonía viral sospechosa o confirmada. Resultados Se incluyeron en el estudio 19 pacientes con soporte de ECMO y SDRA por neumonía viral. La sobrevida al alta fue 11 pacientes (58%) y el destete del ECMO fue exitoso en 13 pacientes (68%). Las complicaciones hemorrágicas presentadas fueron: sangrado digestivo, 10 pacientes (53%), sangrado cerebral, 2 (10%), hemorragia alveolar, 2 (10%), hemotórax con requerimiento de toracostomía a drenaje cerrado, 2 (10%), sangrado activo por sitio de canulación, 9 pacientes (53%), y 3 pacientes traqueostomizados (25%) que sangraron por el sitio quirúrgico. Otras complicaciones presentadas fueron: neumotórax, 1 paciente (5%), septicemia, 6 (32%) y crecimiento de microorganismos en lavados bronquiales 6 (32%). Conclusion El presente estudio permite indicar que el uso de la ECMO VV viabiliza una sobrevida mayor a la esperada en pacientes con SDRA severo e hipoxemia refractaria secundario a neumonía viral. Su inicio tempranamente debe mejorar los resultados globales.

Manejo de la vía aérea en paciente con diagnóstico de COVID-19 / Airway management in COVID-19 diagnostic patient

RESUMEN Objetivo: En la presente revisión narrativa se realiza una descripción de las técnicas de manejo de la vía aérea en paciente con diagnóstico de COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Science Direct y PubMed. Se incluyeron artículos originales y artículos de revisión. También se incluyeron actualizaciones de las entidades internacionales y nacionales acerca de la situación actual de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y el manejo de la vía aérea en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19. Resultados: Para el manejo de la vía aérea en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 es imprescindible el uso del equipo de protección completa. El profesional de la salud debe estar capacitado para la realización de los procedimientos necesarios para llevar a cabo dicho tópico. Se debe tener presente que aplicarlos de forma ordenada, rápida y eficaz reducirá la exposición al SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Se considera que al realizar todos los pasos adecuados para el manejo de la vía aérea en este tipo de pacientes se reducirá notablemente la posibilidad de contagio de un profesional de la salud. Sin embargo, cabe resaltar que actualmente muchas instituciones no cuentan con todo el equipo de protección o con el personal capacitado para llevar a cabo tan importante tarea; por lo cual se están investigado medidas más económicas tanto para el manejo de la vía aérea como para la rehabilitación de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: In this narrative review, a description is made of airway management techniques in a patient diagnosed with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive bibliographic search of the Science Direct and PubMed databases was performed using the keywords. Original articles and review articles were included. Updates from international and national entities on the status of SARS-CoV-2 infection and airway management in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were also included. Results: For the management of the airway in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the use of complete protective equipment is essential. The health professional must be trained to carry out the necessary procedures for this topic. Keep in mind that applying them in an orderly, fast and effective way will reduce exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: It is considered that, by performing all the appropriate steps for airway management in this type of patient, the possibility of contagion from a health professional will be greatly reduced. However, it should be noted that currently many institutions do not have all the protective equipment or trained personnel to carry out such an important task, for which cheaper measures are being investigated for both airway management and rehabilitation of these patients.

Enfermedad de Carrión y gestación con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda y disfunción multiorgánica.: Reporte de caso / Carrion´s disease during pregnancy presenting with acute respiratory distress and multi organ failure: A case report

La Enfermedad de Carrión es una enfermedad endémica en el Perú, causada por la Bartonella bacilliformis, cursa con un estadio agudo o anemizante, una forma verrucosa y bacteriemia asintomática. La forma aguda es grave y tiene alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Se reporta el caso de una mujer joven, gestante, procedente de Yungay, Ancash, quien cursó la fase aguda complicada con disfunción multiorgánica, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda que requirió ventilación mecánica en posición prona, cuya evolución fue desfavorable y falleció.

Carrion´s disease is an endemic disease in Peru caused by Bartonella bacilliformis presenting with an acute or hemolytic form and a chronic verrucous form with asymptomatic bacteremia. The acute form is usually serious and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a case of a young pregnant woman from Yungay, Ancash who presented with the acute form complicated with multi organ failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome needing mechanical ventilation and dying.

Efeitos da posição prona em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of prone position on patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) é caracterizada por resposta inflamatória da membrana alvéolo capilar a injúrias pulmonares diretas ou indiretas, cursando com redução de complacência e presença de infiltrados pulmonares. Tal condição provoca alterações na mecânica pulmonar e nas trocas gasosas, gerando hipoxemia. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente ensaios clínicos randomizados que investigaram os efeitos da posição prona e suas repercussões na oxigenação, mecânica respiratória, mortalidade e ocorrência de eventos adversos em pacientes com SDRA. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática da literatura, seguindo as recomendações PRISMA. As buscas foram realizadas nas bibliotecas de dados PubMed, BVS, PEDro e SciELO, por dois revisores independentes. Incluído estudos ensaio clínico randomizado que apresentavam intervenção a terapia de posicionamento em prono, que compararam a ventilação na posição prona com a supina. Os desfechos analisados foram oxigenação, mecânica respiratória, mortalidade e ocorrência de eventos adversos, através de análise descritiva. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pela escala PEDro. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos randomizados RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 8 artigos, com média 6 na escala PEDro. Os estudos demonstraram resultados positivos na oxigenação, pouca influência na mecânica respiratória, melhora nas taxas de mortalidade e alta prevalência de efeitos adversos, minimizados com a capacitação da equipe. Destaco a variedade metodológica e dos desfechos como limitação da pesquisa. CONCLUSÃO: A posição prona é capaz de promover efeitos benéficos na oxigenação, complacência, mortalidade e queda de eventos adversos em indivíduos com SDRA. Entretanto, destaca-se a necessidade de realização de novos ensaios clínicos sobre o tema, que ofereçam amostras satisfatórias e metodologias semelhantes.

INTRODUCTION: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by an inflammatory response of the alveolar-capillary membrane to direct or indirect pulmonary injuries with a reduction in to complacency and the presence of pulmonary infiltrates. Such condition causes changes in lung mechanics and gas exchange, causing hypoxemia. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review randomized clinical trials investigating the effects of the disease and its repercussions on oxygenation, respiratory mechanics, mortality and occurrence of adverse events in patients with ARDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic review of the literature, following PRISMA recommendations. The searches were performed in the PubMed, BVS, PEDro and SciELO data libraries by two independent reviewers. Included studies randomized clinical trial that presented intervention to positioning therapy in prone, comparing ventilation in prone position with supine. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated by the PEDro scale. The outcomes analyzed were oxygenation, respiratory mechanics, mortality and occurrence of adverse events, through descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Eight articles were analyzed, with an average of 6 on the PEDro scale. Studies have shown positive oxygenation results, low respiratory mechanics influence of respiratory mechanics, improved in mortality rates and high of adverse effects minimized with team training. I highlight the methodological variety and outcomes as a limitation of the research. CONCLUSION: The prone position is capable of promoting beneficial effects in oxygenation, compliance, mortality and reduction of adverse events in individuals with ARDS. However, it is noteworthy the need to perform new clinical trials on the subject, which offer satisfactory samples and similar methodologies.

Prone position and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome / Posição prona e oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo / Posición prona y oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del adulto

Abstract Introduction: The acute respiratory distress syndrome is an inflammatory process originated by some pulmonary diseases, resulting in non-hydrostatic protein edema of the pulmonary parenchyma. The loss of the lung ability to eliminate carbon dioxide generates complications such as refractory hypoxemia, decreased alveolar dysplasia, increased complacency and hypercarbia. The treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome, consist in measures to prevent lung diseases progression and optimize oxygenation. Objective: To identify, in the international scientific literature, cases or series of cases reporting the combined application of prone position and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, as well as the benefit of these rescue therapies. Method: This is a systematic review of case reports that show the benefit of combined therapies in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Results: From the research strategy and selection criteria were included 8 studies reporting 19 cases of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome who received the combination of the two rescue therapies. All studies showed that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was the primary intervention. There were no reports of adverse events. Conclusion: The combinations of therapies positively interfere on the prognosis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, in addition to presenting no additional risks in terms of the occurrence of adverse events; however, the prone position should precede the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as first-line intervention. PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42018093076

Resumo Introdução: A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo trata-se de um processo inflamatório decorrente de uma variedade de doenças críticas, que resulta em edema proteico não hidrostático do parênquima pulmonar. O que determina hipoxemia refratária, lesão alveolar difusa, diminuição da complacência e hipercarbia secundária a perda da capacidade do pulmão para eliminar o dióxido de carbono. O tratamento da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, consiste principalmente em medidas para evitar a progressão da lesão pulmonar e otimizar a oxigenação. Objetivo: identificar na literatura científica internacional casos ou séries de casos que reportem à aplicação combinada de posição prona e oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea em pacientes portadores de síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo grave, bem como o benefício destas terapias de resgate. Método: trata-se de revisão sistemática de relatos de casos que traduzem o benefício das terapias combinadas no tratamento de pacientes com síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda. Resultados: a partir da estratégia de busca e critérios de seleção foram incluídos 8 estudos que relataram 19 casos de pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo que receberam a combinação das duas terapias de resgate. Todos os estudos evidenciaram que a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea foi a intervenção primária. Não houve relato de eventos adversos. Conclusão: as combinações das terapias interferem positivamente no prognóstico dos pacientes portadores da síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, além de não apresentarem riscos adicionais em termos de ocorrência de eventos adversos, no entanto, a posição prona deve anteceder a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea enquanto intervenção de primeira escolha. Registro PROSPERO CRD42018093076

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda es un proceso inflamatorio derivado de una variedad de enfermedades graves, que resulta en el edema proteico no hidrostático del parénquima pulmonar. Siendo que determina hipoxemia refractaria, displasia alveolar difusa, reducción de la complacencia e hipercarbia la pérdida de la capacidad del pulmón para eliminar dióxido de carbono. El tratamiento del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda consiste principalmente en medidas para evitar la progresión de la lesión pulmonar y optimizar la oxigenación. Objetivo: identificar en la literatura científica internacional los casos o series de casos que revelan la aplicación combinada de la posición prona y la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, así como el beneficio de estas terapias de rescate. Método: revisión sistemática de informes de casos que reflejan el beneficio de terapias combinadas en el tratamiento de pacientes con este síndrome. Resultados: desde la estrategia de búsqueda y los criterios de selección, se incluyeron 8 estudios que informaron 19 casos de pacientes con este síndrome que recibieron una combinación de estos tratamientos de rescate. Todos los estudios evidenciaron que la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea fue la intervención primaria. No hubo informes de eventos adversos. Conclusión: las combinaciones de terapias interfieren positivamente en el pronóstico de los pacientes con este síndrome, además de que no presentan riesgos adicionales a la ocurrencia de eventos adversos, sin embargo, la posición prona debe preceder a la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea, mientras la intervención de primera elección. Registro PROSPERO CRD42018093076

Successful case of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an abdominal trauma patient: A case report

A 37-year-old male visited the hospital with multiple trauma after traffic accident. Fractures of ribs, left femur, and right humerus and spleen rupture with hemoperitoneum were founded on image studies. He was moved to operation room and general anesthesia was performed for splenectomy. During the operation, excessive high peak inspiratory pressure was observed. After abdominal closure, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis were worsened. Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was initiated after the operation. Status of the patient were improved after the application of ECMO. The patient was discharged without significant complication. Despite of several limitations in applying ECMO to patients with abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and multiple trauma, severe pulmonary dysfunction in ACS patients may be rescued without open abdomen treatment.

Preeclampsia grave de aparición precoz confirmada con biomarcador / Severe early-onset biomarker-confirmed preeclampsia

RESUMEN La aparición de preeclampsia antes de las 20 semanas de gestación es rara y generalmente se asocia con enfermedades trofoblásticas o con el síndrome antifosfolípido. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con preeclampsia severa asociada al síndrome de distress respiratorio del adulto (SDRA) de forma precoz en la semana 15 de gestación en ausencia de los trastornos antes mencionados. Su confirmación diagnóstica se realizó mediante el empleo del biomarcador sFlt-1/P1GF.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of preeclampsia before 20 weeks of gestation is rare and usually associated with trophoblastic diseases or antiphospholipid syndrome. We present the case of a patient with severe preeclampsia associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome early in week 15 of gestation in the absence of the aforementioned disorders. Its confirmation was carried out through the use of biomarker sFlt-1/P1GF.

Successful application of high-flow nasal cannula in a patient with postoperative respiratory disturbance after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy surgery: A case report

Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) is generally indicated for mandibular setback, to improve occlusion, masticatory function, and aesthetics by altering the mandibular position. However, BSSRO narrows the pharyngeal airway and increases airway resistance, resulting in postoperative respiratory disturbances during emergence from anesthesia. Oxygen delivery system via high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been known to improve airway patency and oxygenation via low-level positive pressure as well as reduce the respiratory load. We report a case of postoperative respiratory disturbance, following a large mandibular setback, despite nasotracheal extubation in the fully awake patient. Respiratory disturbance was successfully controlled after oxygen delivery via HFNC until self-respiration was completely restored. Therefore, the use of HFNC may facilitate the control of postoperative respiratory disturbances induced by anatomical changes in upper airway after BSSRO surgery.

Effects of the positive end-expiratory pressure increase on sublingual microcirculation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome / Efeitos do aumento de pressão positiva ao final da expiração sobre a microcirculação sublingual em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of increased positive end-expiratory pressure on the sublingual microcirculation. Methods: Adult patients who were sedated, under mechanical ventilation, and had a diagnosis of circulatory shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome were included. The positive end-expiratory pressure level was settled to obtain a plateau pressure of 30 cm H2O and then maintained at this level for 20 minutes. Microcirculatory (obtained by videomicroscopy) and hemodynamic variables were collected at baseline and compared with those at the end of 20 min. Results: Twelve patients were enrolled. Overall, the microcirculation parameters did not significantly change after increasing the positive end-expiratory pressure. However, there was considerable interindividual variability. There was a negative, moderate correlation between the changes in the De Backer score (r = -0.58, p = 0.048), total vessel density (r = -0.60, p = 0.039) and baseline values. The changes in total vessel density (r = 0.54, p = 0.07) and perfused vessel density (r = 0.52, p = 0.08) trended toward correlating with the changes in the mean arterial pressure. Conclusion: Overall, the microcirculation parameters did not significantly change after increasing the positive end-expiratory pressure. However, at individual level, such response was heterogeneous. The changes in the microcirculation parameters could be correlated with the baseline values and changes in the mean arterial pressure.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do aumento de pressão positiva no fim da expiração (PEEP) sobre a microcirculação sublingual. Métodos: Os pacientes adultos que foram sedados, sob ventilação mecânica, com diagnóstico de choque circulatório e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo foram incluídos. O nível da PEEP foi estabelecido para obter uma pressão de platô de 30 cmH2O e depois mantido nesse nível por 20 minutos. As variáveis de microcirculação (obtida por microscopia de vídeo) e hemodinâmica foram registradas na fase basal e comparadas com aquelas no fim de 20 min. Resultados: Doze pacientes foram incluídos. Em geral, os parâmetros da microcirculação não apresentaram alterações significativas após o aumento da PEEP. Porém, houve considerável variabilidade interindividual. Houve uma correlação negativa, moderada, entre as alterações no escore de De Backer (r = -0,58, p = 0,048), na densidade total do vaso (r = -0,60, p = 0,039) e nos valores basais. As alterações na densidade total do vaso (r = 0,54, p = 0,07) e na densidade do vaso perfundido (r = 0,52, p = 0,08) apresentaram tendência de correlação com as alterações na pressão arterial média. Conclusão: Em geral, os parâmetros da microcirculação não apresentaram alterações significativas após o aumento da PEEP. No entanto, individualmente, essa resposta foi heterogênea. As alterações nos parâmetros da microcirculação puderam ser correlacionadas com os valores basais e alterações na pressão arterial média.

Good practices for prone positioning at the bedside: Construction of a care protocol / Boas práticas da manobra de prona à beira do leito: construção de um protocolo de cuidados

SUMMARY Last year, interest in prone positioning to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) resurfaced with the demonstration of a reduction in mortality by a large randomized clinical trial. Reports in the literature suggest that the incidence of adverse events is significantly reduced with a team trained and experienced in the process. The objective of this review is to revisit the current evidence in the literature, discuss and propose the construction of a protocol of care for these patients. A search was performed on the main electronic databases: Medline, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. Prone positioning is increasingly used in daily practice, with properly trained staff and a well established care protocol are essencial.

RESUMO No último ano, o interesse pela posição prona no tratamento da síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda (Sara) ressurgiu com a demonstração da redução da mortalidade por um grande estudo clínico randomizado. Os relatos, na literatura, sugerem que a incidência de eventos adversos é significativamente reduzida com uma equipe treinada e experiente no processo. O objetivo desta revisão é revisitar as evidências atuais, discutir e propor a construção de um protocolo de cuidados para esses pacientes. Foi realizada busca nas principais bases eletrônicas: Medline, Lilacs e Cochrane Library. A posição prona é cada vez mais utilizada na prática diária, sendo imprescindível a presença de uma equipe adequadamente treinada e um protocolo de cuidados bem estabelecido.

Predictive Variables of Pneumonia Among Adult Submersion Victims without Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

PURPOSE: Pneumonia is a serious and relatively common complication among submersion victims without out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of pneumonia among adult submersion victims without OHCA. METHODS: All adult submersion victims without OHCA who visited our hospital between 2004 and 2013 were included. This study was conducted retrospectively, with collection of data by review of medical records. Among total submersion victims (310 patients), 191 patients did not suffer OHCA. We investigated the characteristics of the patients and classified them according to two groups based on the presence of pneumonia. We then compared clinical variables between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 191 adult submersion patients without OHCA; 157 patients did not have pneumonia during their hospital stay; 34 patients had pneumonia. In respective analysis, alert mentality, pH and core temperature showed correlation with pneumonia. However, in logistic regression analysis with these 3 variables, only pH was a risk factor of pneumonia. All patients with pneumonia except one were discharged with full recovery. CONCLUSION: The risk of pneumonia among adult submersion victims without OHCA is higher when the lower pH is checked. Further studies are needed in order to evaluate the other risk factors of pneumonia for early prediction and proper management.